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Conceptual Definition Language (CDL) ​

The Conceptual Definition Language (CDL) is a human-readable language for defining CDS models. Sources are commonly provided in files with.cds extensions and get compiled into CSN representations. Following sections provide a reference of all language constructs in CDL, which also serves as a reference of all corresponding CDS concepts and features.

Language Preliminaries ​

Keywords & Identifiers ​

Keywords in CDL are used to prelude statements, such as imports and namespace directives as well as entity and type declarations. Identifiers are used to refer to definitions.

cds
namespace capire.bookshop;
using { managed } from `@sap/cds/common`;
aspect entity : managed { key ID: Integer }

entity Books : entity {
  title  : String;
  author : Association to Authors;
}

entity Authors : entity {
  name   : String;
}
Noteworthy...

In the example above entity shows up as a keyword, as well as an identifier of an aspect declaration and references to that.

As indicated by the syntax coloring, Association is not a keyword, but a type name identifier, similar to String, Integer, Books and Authors.

Keywords are case-insensitive, but are most commonly used in lowercase notation.

Identifiers are case-significant, that is, Foo and foo would identify different things.

Identifiers have to comply to /[$A-Za-z_]\w*/ or be enclosed in ![...] like that:

cds
type ![Delimited Identifier] : String;

Avoid using delimited identifiers

Delimited identifiers in general, but in articular non-ansi characters, or keywords as identifiers should be avoided as much as possible, for reasons of interoperability.

Built-in Types ​

The following table lists the built-in types available to all CDS models, and can be used to define entity elements or custom types as follows:

cds
entity Books {
  key ID : UUID;
  title  : String(111);
  stock  : Integer;
  price  : Price;
}
type Price : Decimal;

These types are used to define the structure of entities and services, and are mapped to respective database types when the model is deployed.

CDS TypeRemarksANSI SQL (1)
UUIDCAP generates RFC 4122-compliant UUIDs (2)NVARCHAR(36)
BooleanValues: true, false, null, 0, 1BOOLEAN
IntegerSame as Int32 by defaultINTEGER
Int16Signed 16-bit integer, range [ -215 ... +215 )SMALLINT
Int32Signed 32-bit integer, range [ -231 ... +231 )INTEGER
Int64Signed 64-bit integer, range [ -263 ... +263 )BIGINT
UInt8Unsigned 8-bit integer, range [ 0 ... 255 ]TINYINT (3)
Decimal (prec, scale)A decfloat type is used if arguments are omittedDECIMAL
DoubleFloating point with binary mantissaDOUBLE
Datee.g. 2022-12-31DATE
Timee.g. 24:59:59TIME
DateTimesec precisionTIMESTAMP
Timestampµs precision, with up to 7 fractional digitsTIMESTAMP
String (length)Default length: 255; on HANA: 5000 (4)NVARCHAR
Binary (length)Default length: 255; on HANA: 5000 (5)VARBINARY
LargeBinaryUnlimited data, usually streamed at runtimeBLOB
LargeStringUnlimited data, usually streamed at runtimeNCLOB
MapMapped to NCLOB for HANA.JSON type
Vector (dimension )Requires SAP HANA Cloud QRC 1/2024, or laterREAL_VECTOR
cds
entity Books {
  key ID : UUID;
  title  : String(111);
  stock  : Integer;
  price  : Price;
}
type Price : Decimal;

These types are used to define the structure of entities and services, and are mapped to respective database types when the model is deployed.

(1) Concrete mappings to specific databases may differ.

(2) See also Best Practices.

(3) Not available on PostgreSQL and H2.

(4) Configurable through cds.cdsc.defaultStringLength.

(5) Configurable through cds.cdsc.defaultBinaryLength.

See also... ​

Additional Reuse Types and Aspects by @sap/cds/common

Mapping to OData EDM types

HANA-native Data Types

Literals ​

The following literals can be used in CDL (mostly as in JavaScript, Java, and SQL):

cds
true , false , null        // as in all common languages
11 , 2.4 , 1e3, 1.23e-11   // for numbers
'A string''s literal'      // for strings
{ foo:'boo', bar:'car' }   // for records
[ 1, 'two', {three:4} ]    // for arrays

Learn more about literals and their representation in CSN.

Date & Time Literals ​

In addition, type-keyword-prefixed strings can be used for date & time literals:

cds
date'2016-11-24'
time'16:11:32'
timestamp'2016-11-24T12:34:56.789Z'

Multiline String Literals ​

Use string literals enclosed in single or triple backticks for multiline strings:

cds
@escaped: `OK Emoji: \u{1f197}`
@multiline: ```
    This is a CDS multiline string.
    - The indentation is stripped.
    - \u{0055}nicode escape sequences are possible,
      just like common escapes from JavaScript such as
      \r \t \n and more! ```
@data: ```xml
    <main>
      The tag is ignored by the core-compiler but may be
      used for syntax highlighting, similar to markdown.
    </main> ```
entity DocumentedEntity {
  // ...
}

Within those strings, escape sequences from JavaScript, such as \t or \u0020, are supported. Line endings are normalized. If you don't want a line ending at that position, end a line with a backslash (\). For string literals inside triple backticks, indentation is stripped and tagging is possible.

Model Imports ​

The using Directive ​

Using directives allows to import definitions from other CDS models. As shown in line three below you can specify aliases to be used subsequently. You can import single definitions as well as several ones with a common namespace prefix. Optional: Choose a local alias.

cds
using foo.bar.scoped.Bar from './contexts';
using foo.bar.scoped.nested from './contexts';
using foo.bar.scoped.nested as specified from './contexts';

entity Car : Bar {}            //> : foo.bar.scoped.Bar
entity Moo : nested.Zoo {}     //> : foo.bar.scoped.nested.Zoo
entity Zoo : specified.Zoo {}  //> : foo.bar.scoped.nested.Zoo

Multiple named imports through ES6-like deconstructors:

cds
using { Foo as Moo, sub.Bar } from './base-model';
entity Boo : Moo { /*...*/ }
entity Car : Bar { /*...*/ }

Also in the deconstructor variant of using shown in the previous example, specify fully qualified names.

Model Resolution ​

Imports in cds work very much like require in Node.js and imports in ES6. In fact, we reuse Node's module loading mechanisms. Hence, the same rules apply:

  • Relative path resolution
    Names starting with ./ or ../ are resolved relative to the current model.
  • Resolving absolute references
    Names starting with / are resolved absolute to the file system.
  • Resolving module references
    Names starting with neither . nor / such as @sap/cds/common are fetched for in node_modules folders:
    • Files having .cds, .csn, or .json as suffixes, appended in order
    • Folders, from either the file set in cds.main in the folder's package.json or index.<cds|csn|json> file.

TIP

To allow for loading from precompiled .json files it's recommended to omit .cds suffixes in import statements, as shown in the provided examples.

Namespaces ​

The namespace Directive ​

To prefix the names of all subsequent definitions, place a namespace directive at the top of a model. This is comparable to other languages, like Java.

cds
namespace foo.bar;
entity Foo {}           //> foo.bar.Foo
entity Bar : Foo {}     //> foo.bar.Bar

A namespace is not an object of its own. There is no corresponding definition in CSN.

The context Directive ​

Use contexts for nested namespace sections.

cds
namespace foo.bar;
entity Foo {}           //> foo.bar.Foo
context scoped {
  entity Bar : Foo {}   //> foo.bar.scoped.Bar
  context nested {
    entity Zoo {}       //> foo.bar.scoped.nested.Zoo
  }
}

Scoped Definitions ​

You can define types and entities with other definitions' names as prefixes:

cds
namespace foo.bar;
entity Foo {}           //> foo.bar.Foo
entity Foo.Bar {}       //> foo.bar.Foo.Bar
type Foo.Bar.Car {}     //> foo.bar.Foo.Bar.Car

Fully Qualified Names ​

A model ultimately is a collection of definitions with unique, fully qualified names. For example, the second model above would compile to this CSN:

json
{"definitions":{
  "foo.bar.Foo": { "kind": "entity" },
  "foo.bar.scoped": { "kind": "context" },
  "foo.bar.scoped.Bar": { "kind": "entity",
    "includes": [ "foo.bar.Foo" ]
  },
  "foo.bar.scoped.nested": { "kind": "context" },
  "foo.bar.scoped.nested.Zoo": { "kind": "entity" }
}}

Comments ​

CDL supports line-end, block comments, and doc comments as in Java and JavaScript:

cds
// line-end comment
/* block comment */
/** doc comment */

Doc Comments ​

A multi-line comment of the form /** … */ at an annotation position is considered a doc comment:

cds
/**
 * I am the description for "Employee"
 */
entity Employees {
  key ID : Integer;
  /**
   * I am the description for "name"
   */
  name : String;
}

The text of a doc comment is stored in CSN in the property doc. When generating OData EDM(X), it appears as value for the annotation @Core.Description.

When generating output for deployment to SAP HANA, the first paragraph of a doc comment is translated to the HANA COMMENT feature for tables, table columns, and for views (but not for view columns):

sql
CREATE TABLE Employees (
  ID INTEGER,
  name NVARCHAR(...) COMMENT 'I am the description for "name"'
) COMMENT 'I am the description for "Employee"'

TIP

Propagation of doc comments can be stopped via an empty one: /** */.

In CAP Node.js, doc comments need to be switched on when calling the compiler:

sh
cds compile foo.cds --docs
js
cds.compile(..., { docs: true })

Doc comments are enabled by default in CAP Java.

In CAP Java, doc comments are automatically enabled by the CDS Maven Plugin. In generated interfaces they are converted to corresponding Javadoc comments.

Entities & Type Definitions ​

Entity Definitions ​

Entities are structured types with named and typed elements, representing sets of (persisted) data that can be read and manipulated using usual CRUD operations. They usually contain one or more designated primary key elements:

cds
define entity Employees {
  key ID : Integer;
  name : String;
  jobTitle : String;
}

The define keyword is optional, that means define entity Foo is equal to entity Foo.

Type Definitions ​

You can declare custom types to reuse later on, for example, for elements in entity definitions. Custom-defined types can be simple, that is derived from one of the predefined types, structure types or Associations.

cds
define type User : String(111);
define type Amount {
  value : Decimal(10,3);
  currency : Currency;
}
define type Currency : Association to Currencies;

The define keyword is optional, that means define type Foo is equal to type Foo.

Learn more about Definitions of Named Aspects.

Structured Types ​

You can declare and use custom struct types as follows:

cds
type Amount {
  value : Decimal(10,3);
  currency : Currency;
}
entity Books {
  price : Amount;
}

Elements can also be specified with anonymous inline struct types. For example, the following is equivalent to the definition of Books above:

cds
entity Books {
  price : {
    value : Decimal(10,3);
    currency : Currency;
  };
}

Arrayed Types ​

Prefix a type specification with array of or many to signify array types.

cds
entity Foo { emails: many String; }
entity Bar { emails: many { kind:String; address:String; }; }
entity Car { emails: many EmailAddress; }
entity Car { emails: EmailAddresses; }
type EmailAddresses : many { kind:String; address:String; }
type EmailAddress : { kind:String; address:String; }

Keywords many and array of are mere syntax variants with identical semantics and implementations.

When deployed to SQL databases, such fields are mapped to LargeString columns and the data is stored denormalized as JSON array. With OData V4, arrayed types are rendered as Collection in the EDM(X).

WARNING

Filter expressions, instance-based authorization and search are not supported on arrayed elements.

Null Values ​

For arrayed types the null and not null constraints apply to the members of the collections. The default is not null indicating that the collections can't hold null values.

WARNING

An empty collection is represented by an empty JSON array. A null value is invalid for an element with arrayed type.

In the following example the collection emails may hold members that are null. It may also hold a member where the element kind is null. The collection emails itself must not be null!

cds
entity Bar {
    emails      : many {
        kind    : String null;
        address : String not null;
    } null;  // -> collection emails may hold null values, overwriting default
}

Virtual Elements ​

An element definition can be prefixed with modifier keyword virtual. This keyword indicates that this element isn't added to persistent artifacts, that is, tables or views in SQL databases. Virtual elements are part of OData metadata.

By default virtual elements are annotated with @Core.Computed: true, not writable for the client and will be silently ignored. This means also, that they are not accessible in custom event handlers. If you want to make virtual elements writable for the client, you explicitly need to annotate these elements with @Core.Computed: false. Still those elements are not persisted and therefore, for example, not sortable or filterable.

cds
entity Employees {
  [...]
  virtual something : String(11);
}

Calculated Elements ​

Elements of entities and aspects can be specified with a calculation expression, in which you can refer to other elements of the same entity/aspect. This can be either a value expression or an expression that resolves to an association.

Calculated elements with a value expression are read-only, no value must be provided for them in a WRITE operation. When reading such a calculated element, the result of the expression is returned. They come in two variants: "on-read" and "on-write". The difference between them is the point in time when the expression is evaluated.

On-read ​

cds
entity Employees {
  firstName : String;
  lastName : String;
  name : String = firstName || ' ' || lastName;
  name_upper = upper(name);
  addresses : Association to many Addresses;
  city = addresses[kind='home'].city;
}

For a calculated element with "on-read" semantics, the calculation expression is evaluated when reading an entry from the entity. Using such a calculated element in a query or view definition is equivalent to writing the expression directly into the query, both with respect to semantics and to performance. In CAP, it is implemented by replacing each occurrence of a calculated element in a query by the respective expression.

Entity using calculated elements:

cds
entity EmployeeView as select from Employees {
  name,
  city
};

Equivalent entity:

cds
entity EmployeeView as select from Employees {
  firstName || ' ' || lastName as name : String,
  addresses[kind='home'].city as city
};

Calculated elements "on-read" are a pure convenience feature. Instead of having to write the same expression several times in queries, you can define a calculated element once and then simply refer to it.

In the definition of a calculated element "on-read", you can use almost all expressions that are allowed in queries. Some restrictions apply:

  • Subqueries are not allowed.
  • Nested projections (inline/expand) are not allowed.
  • A calculated element can't be key.

A calculated element can be used in every location where an expression can occur. A calculated element can't be used in the following cases:

  • in the ON condition of an unmanaged association
  • as the foreign key of a managed association
  • in a query together with nested projections (inline/expand)

WARNING

For the Node.js runtime, only the new database services under the @cap-js scope support this feature.

On-write ​

Calculated elements "on-write" (also referred to as "stored" calculated elements) are defined by adding the keyword stored. A type specification is mandatory.

cds
entity Employees {
  firstName : String;
  lastName : String;
  name : String = (firstName || ' ' || lastName) stored;
}

For a calculated element "on-write", the expression is already evaluated when an entry is written into the database. The resulting value is then stored/persisted like a regular field, and when reading from the entity, it behaves like a regular field as well. Using a stored calculated element can improve performance, in particular when it's used for sorting or filtering. This is paid for by higher memory consumption.

While calculated elements "on-read" are handled entirely by CAP, the "on-write" variant is implemented by using the corresponding feature for database tables. The previous entity definition results in the following table definition:

sql
-- SAP HANA syntax --
CREATE TABLE Employees (
  firstName NVARCHAR,
  lastName NVARCHAR,
  name NVARCHAR GENERATED ALWAYS AS (firstName || ' ' || lastName)
);

For the definition of calculated elements on-write, all the on-read variant's restrictions apply and referencing localized elements isn't allowed. In addition, there are restrictions that depend on the particular database. Currently all databases supported by CAP have a common restriction: The calculation expression may only refer to fields of the same table row. Therefore, such an expression must not contain subqueries, aggregate functions, or paths with associations.

No restrictions apply for reading a calculated element on-write.

Association-like calculated elements ​

A calculated element can also define a filtered association/composition using infix filters:

cds
entity Employees {
  addresses : Association to many Addresses;
  homeAddress = addresses [1: kind='home'];
}

For such a calculated element, no explicit type can be specified. Only a single association or composition can occur in the expression, and a filter must be specified.

The effect essentially is like publishing an association with an infix filter.

Default Values ​

As in SQL you can specify default values to fill in upon INSERTs if no value is specified for a given element.

cds
entity Foo {
  bar : String default 'bar';
  boo : Integer default 1;
}

Default values can also be specified in custom type definitions:

cds
type CreatedAt : Timestamp default $now;
type Complex {
  real : Decimal default 0.0;
  imag : Decimal default 0.0;
}

Type References ​

If you want to base an element's type on another element of the same structure, you can use the type of operator.

cds
entity Author {
  firstname : String(100);
   lastname : type of firstname; // has type "String(100)"
}

For referencing elements of other artifacts, you can use the element access through :. Element references with : don't require type of in front of them.

cds
entity Employees {
  firstname: Author:firstname;
  lastname: Author:lastname;
}

Constraints ​

Element definitions can be augmented with constraint not null as known from SQL.

cds
entity Employees {
  name : String(111) not null;
}

Enums ​

You can specify enumeration values for a type as a semicolon-delimited list of symbols. For string types, declaration of actual values is optional; if omitted, the actual values are the string counterparts of the symbols.

cds
type Gender : String enum { male; female; non_binary = 'non-binary'; }
entity Order {
  status : Integer enum {
    submitted =  1;
    fulfilled =  2;
    shipped   =  3;
    canceled  = -1;
  };
}

To enforce your enum values during runtime, use the @assert.range annotation. For localization of enum values, model them as code list.


Views & Projections ​

Use as select from or as projection on to derive new entities from existing ones by projections, very much like views in SQL. When mapped to relational databases, such entities are in fact translated to SQL views but they're frequently also used to declare projections without any SQL views involved.

The entity signature is inferred from the projection.

The as select from Variant ​

Use the as select from variant to use all possible features an underlying relational database would support using any valid CQL query including all query clauses.

cds
entity Foo1 as select from Bar; //> implicit {*}
entity Foo2 as select from Employees { * };
entity Foo3 as select from Employees LEFT JOIN Bar on Employees.ID=Bar.ID {
  foo, bar as car, sum(boo) as moo
} where exists (
  SELECT 1 as anyXY from SomeOtherEntity as soe where soe.x = y
)
group by foo, bar
order by moo asc;

The as projection on Variant ​

Use the as projection on variant instead of as select from to indicate that you don't use the full power of SQL in your query. For example, having a restricted query in an entity allows us to serve such an entity from external OData services.

cds
entity Foo as projection on Bar {...}

Currently the restrictions of as projection on compared to as select from are:

  • no explicit, manual JOINs
  • no explicit, manual UNIONs
  • no sub selects in from clauses

Over time, we can add additional checks depending on specific outbound protocols.

Views with Inferred Signatures ​

By default views inherit all properties and annotations from their primary underlying base entity. Their elements signature is inferred from the projection on base elements. Each element inherits all properties from the respective base element, except the key property. The key property is only inherited if all of the following applies:

  • No explicit key is set in the query.
  • All key elements of the primary base entity are selected (for example, by using *).
  • No path expression with a to-many association is used.
  • No union, join or similar query construct is used.

For example, the following definition:

cds
entity SomeView as select from Employees {
  ID,
  name,
  job.title as jobTitle
};

Might result in this inferred signature:

cds
entity SomeView {
  key ID: Integer;
  name: String;
  jobTitle: String;
};

Note: CAP does not enforce uniqueness for key elements of a view or projection.

Use a CDL cast to set an element's type, if one of the following conditions apply:

  • You don't want to use the inferred type.
  • The query column is an expression (no inferred type is computed).
cds
entity SomeView as select from Employees {
  ID : Integer64,
  name : LargeString,
  'SAP SE' as company : String
};

TIP

By using a cast, annotations and other properties are inherited from the provided type and not the base element, see Annotation Propagation

Views with Parameters ​

You can equip views with parameters that are passed in whenever that view is queried. Default values can be specified. Refer to these parameters in the view's query using the prefix :.

cds
entity SomeView ( foo: Integer, bar: Boolean )
as SELECT * from Employees where ID=:foo;

When selecting from a view with parameters, the parameters are passed by name. In the following example, UsingView also has a parameter bar that is passed down to SomeView.

cds
entity UsingView ( bar: Boolean )
as SELECT * from SomeView(foo: 17, bar: :bar);

For Node.js, there's no programmatic API yet. You need to provide a CQN snippet.

In CAP Java, run a select statement against the view with named parameter values:

js
SELECT.from({ id: 'UsingView'. args: { bar: { val: true }}})
Java
var params = Map.of("bar", true);
Result result = service.run(Select.from("UsingView"), params);

Learn more about how to expose views with parameters in Services - Exposed Entities.Learn more about views with parameters for existing HANA artifacts in Native SAP HANA Artifacts.

Associations ​

Associations capture relationships between entities. They are like forward-declared joins added to a table definition in SQL.

Unmanaged Associations ​

Unmanaged associations specify arbitrary join conditions in their on clause, which refer to available foreign key elements. The association's name (address in the following example) is used as the alias for the to-be-joined target entity.

cds
entity Employees {
  address : Association to Addresses on address.ID = address_ID;
  address_ID : Integer;  //> foreign key
}
cds
entity Addresses {
  key ID : Integer;
}

Managed (To-One) Associations ​

For to-one associations, CDS can automatically resolve and add requisite foreign key elements from the target's primary keys and implicitly add respective join conditions.

cds
entity Employees {
  address : Association to Addresses;
}

This example is equivalent to the unmanaged example above, with the foreign key element address_ID being added automatically upon activation to a SQL database. The names of the automatically added foreign key elements cannot be changed.

Note: For adding foreign key constraints on database level, see Database Constraints..

If the target has a single primary key, a default value can be provided. This default applies to the generated foreign key element address_ID:

cds
entity Employees {
  address : Association to Addresses default 17;
}

To-many Associations ​

For to-many associations specify an on condition following the canonical expression pattern <assoc>.<backlink> = $self as in this example:

cds
entity Employees {
  key ID : Integer;
  addresses : Association to many Addresses
    on addresses.owner = $self;
}
cds
entity Addresses {
  owner : Association to Employees;  //> the backlink
}

The backlink can be any managed to-one association on the many side pointing back to the one side.

Many-to-many Associations ​

For many-to-many association, follow the common practice of resolving logical many-to-many relationships into two one-to-many associations using a link entity to connect both. For example:

cds
entity Employees { [...]
  addresses : Association to many Emp2Addr on addresses.emp = $self;
}
entity Emp2Addr {
  key emp : Association to Employees;
  key adr : Association to Addresses;
}

Learn more about Managed Compositions for Many-to-many Relationships.

Compositions ​

Compositions constitute document structures through contained-in relationships. They frequently show up in to-many header-child scenarios.

cds
entity Orders {
  key ID: Integer; //...
  Items : Composition of many Orders.Items on Items.parent = $self;
}
entity Orders.Items {
  key pos : Integer;
  key parent : Association to Orders;
  product : Association to Products;
  quantity : Integer;
}

Contained-in relationship

Essentially, Compositions are the same as associations, just with the additional information that this association represents a contained-in relationship so the same syntax and rules apply in their base form.

Limitations of Compositions of one

Using of compositions of one for entities is discouraged. There is often no added value of using them as the information can be placed in the root entity. Compositions of one have limitations as follow:

  • Very limited Draft support. Fiori elements does not support compositions of one unless you take care of their creation in a custom handler.
  • No extensive support for modifications over paths if compostions of one are involved. You must fill in foreign keys manually in a custom handler.

Managed Compositions of Aspects ​

Use managed compositions variant to nicely reflect document structures in your domain models, without the need for separate entities, reverse associations, and unmanaged on conditions.

With Inline Targets ​

cds
entity Orders {
  key ID: Integer; //...
  Items : Composition of many {
    key pos : Integer;
    product : Association to Products;
    quantity : Integer;
  }
};

Managed Compositions are mostly syntactical sugar: Behind the scenes, they are unfolded to the unmanaged equivalent as shown above by automatically adding a new entity, the name of which being constructed as a scoped name from the name of parent entity, followed by the name of the composition element, that is Orders.Items in the previous example. You can safely use this name at other places, for example to define an association to the generated child entity:

cds
entity Orders {
  // …
  specialItem : Association to Orders.Items;
};

With Named Targets ​

Instead of anonymous target aspects you can also specify named aspects, which are unfolded the same way as anonymous inner types, as shown in the previous example:

cds
entity Orders {
  key ID: Integer; //...
  Items : Composition of many OrderItems;
}
aspect OrderItems {
  key pos : Integer;
  product : Association to Products;
  quantity : Integer;
}

Default Target Cardinality ​

If not otherwise specified, a managed composition of an aspect has the default target cardinality to-one.

For Many-to-many Relationships ​

Managed Compositions are handy for many-to-many relationships, where a link table usually is private to one side.

cds
entity Teams { [...]
  members : Composition of many { key user: Association to Users; }
}
entity Users { [...]
  teams: Association to many Teams.members on teams.user = $self;
}

And here's an example of an attributed many-to-many relationship:

cds
entity Teams { [...]
  members : Composition of many {
    key user : Association to Users;
    role : String enum { Lead; Member; Collaborator; }
  }
}
entity Users { ... }

To navigate between Teams and Users, you have to follow two associations: members.user or teams.up_. In OData, to get all users of all teams, use a query like the following:

cds
GET /Teams?$expand=members($expand=user)

Publish Associations in Projections ​

As associations are first class citizens, you can put them into the select list of a view or projection ("publish") like regular elements. A select * includes all associations. If you need to rename an association, you can provide an alias.

cds
entity P_Employees as projection on Employees {
  ID,
  addresses
}

The effective signature of the projection contains an association addresses with the same properties as association addresses of entity Employees.

Publish Associations with Infix Filter ​

When publishing an unmanaged association in a view or projection, you can add a filter condition. The ON condition of the resulting association is the ON condition of the original association plus the filter condition, combined with and.

cds
entity P_Authors as projection on Authors {
  *,
  books[stock > 0] as availableBooks
};

In this example, in addition to books projection P_Authors has a new association availableBooks that points only to those books where stock > 0.

If the filter condition effectively reduces the cardinality of the association to one, you should make this explicit in the filter by adding a 1: before the condition:

cds
entity P_Employees as projection on Employees {
  *,
  addresses[1: kind='home'] as homeAddress  // homeAddress is to-one
}

Filters usually are provided only for to-many associations, which usually are unmanaged. Thus publishing with a filter is almost exclusively used for unmanaged associations. Nevertheless you can also publish a managed association with a filter. This will automatically turn the resulting association into an unmanaged one. You must ensure that all foreign key elements needed for the ON condition are explicitly published.

cds
entity P_Books as projection on Books {
  author.ID as authorID,  // needed for ON condition of deadAuthor
  author[dateOfDeath is not null] as deadAuthor  // -> unmanaged association
};

Publishing a composition with a filter is similar, with an important difference: in a deep Update, Insert, or Delete statement the respective operation does not cascade to the target entities. Thus the type of the resulting element is set to cds.Association.

Learn more about cds.Association.

In SAP Fiori Draft, it behaves like an "enclosed" association, that means, it points to the target draft entity.

In the following example, singleItem has type cds.Association. In draft mode, navigating along singleItems doesn't leave the draft tree.

cds
@odata.draft.enabled
entity P_orders as projection on Orders {
  *,
  Items[quantity = 1] as singleItems
}

Annotations ​

This section describes how to add Annotations to model definitions written in CDL, focused on the common syntax options, and fundamental concepts. Find additional information in the OData Annotations guide.

Annotation Syntax ​

Annotations in CDL are prefixed with an @ character and can be placed before a definition, after the defined name or at the end of simple definitions.

cds
@before entity Foo @inner {
  @before simpleElement @inner : String @after;
  @before structElement @inner { /* elements */ }
}

Multiple annotations can be placed in each spot separated by whitespaces or enclosed in @(...) and separated by comma - like the following are equivalent:

cds
entity Foo @(
  my.annotation: foo,
  another.one: 4711
) { /* elements */ }
cds
@my.annotation:foo
@another.one: 4711
entity Foo { /* elements */ }

For an @inner annotation, only the syntax @(...) is available.

Using annotate Directives ​

Instead of interspersing annotations with definitions, you can also use the annotate directive to add annotations to existing definitions.

cds
annotate Foo with @(
  my.annotation: foo,
  another.one: 4711
);

Learn more about the annotate directive in the Aspects chapter below.

Annotation Targets ​

You can basically annotate any named thing in a CDS model, such as:

Contexts and services:

cds
@before context foo.bar @inner { ... }
@before service Sue @inner { ... }

Definitions and elements with simple or struct types:

cds
@before type Foo @inner : String @after;
@before entity Foo @inner {
  @before key ID @inner : String @after;
  @before title @inner : String @after;
  @before struct @inner { ...elements... };
}

Enums:

cds
… status : String @inner enum {
  open @after;
  closed @after;
  cancelled @after;
  accepted @after;
  rejected @after;
}

Columns in a view definition's query:

cds
… as select from Foo {
  @before expr as alias @inner : String,
  …
}

Parameters in view definitions:

cds
… with parameters (
  @before param @(inner) : String @after
) …

Actions/functions including their parameters and result:

cds
@before action doSomething @inner (
  @before param @(inner) : String @after
) returns @before resultType;

Or in case of a structured result:

cds
action doSomething() returns @before {
  @before resultElem @inner : String @after;
};

Annotation Values ​

Values can be literals, references, or expressions. Expressions are explained in more detail in the next section. If no value is given, the default value is true as for @aFlag in the following example:

cds
@aFlag //= true, if no value is given
@aBoolean: false
@aString: 'foo'
@anInteger: 11
@aDecimal: 11.1
@aSymbol: #foo
@aReference: foo.bar
@anArray: [ /* can contain any kind of value */ ]
@anExpression: ( foo.bar * 17 )  // expression, see next section

As described in the CSN spec, the previously mentioned annotations would compile to CSN as follows:

jsonc
{
  "@aFlag": true,
  "@aBoolean": false,
  "@aString": "foo",
  "@anInteger": 11,
  "@aDecimal": 11.1,
  "@aSymbol": {"#":"foo"},
  "@aReference": {"=":"foo.bar"},
  "@anArray": [ /* … */ ],
  "@anExpression": { /* see next section */ }
}

TIP

In contrast to references in expressions, plain references aren't checked or resolved by CDS parsers or linkers. They're interpreted and evaluated only on consumption-specific modules. For example, for SAP Fiori models, it's the 4odata and 2edm(x) processors.

Records as Syntax Shortcuts ​

Annotations in CDS are flat lists of key-value pairs assigned to a target. The record syntax - that is, {key:<value>, ...} - is a shortcut notation that applies a common prefix to nested annotations. For example, the following are equivalent:

cds
@Common.foo.bar
@Common.foo.car: 'wheels'
cds
@Common: { foo.bar, foo.car: 'wheels' }
cds
@Common.foo: { bar }
@Common.foo.car: 'wheels'
cds
@Common.foo: { bar, car: 'wheels' }

and they would show up as follows in a parsed model (→ see CSN):

json
{
  "@Common.foo.bar": true,
  "@Common.foo.car": "wheels"
}

Annotation Propagation ​

Annotations are inherited from types and base types to derived types, entities, and elements as well as from elements of underlying entities in case of views.

For example, given this view definition:

cds
using Books from './bookshop-model';
entity BooksList as select from Books {
  ID, genre : Genre, title,
  author.name as author
};
  • BooksList would inherit annotations from Books
  • BooksList:ID would inherit from Books:ID
  • BooksList:author would inherit from Books:author.name
  • BooksList.genre would inherit from type Genre

The rules are:

  1. Entity-level properties and annotations are inherited from the primary underlying source entity — here Books.

  2. Each element that can unambiguously be traced back to a single source element, inherits that element's properties.

  3. An explicit cast in the select clause cuts off the inheritance, for example, as for genre in our previous example.

TIP

Propagation of annotations can be stopped via value null, for example, @anno: null.

Expressions as Annotation Values beta ​

In order to use an expression as an annotation value, it must be enclosed in parentheses:

cds
@anExpression: ( foo.bar * 11 )

Syntactically, the same expressions are supported as in a select item or in the where clause of a query, except subqueries. The expression can of course also be a single reference or a simple value:

cds
@aRefExpr: ( foo.bar )
@aValueExpr: ( 11 )

Some advantages of using expressions as "first class" annotation values are:

Limitations

Elements that are not available to the compiler, for example the OData draft decoration, can't be used in annotation expressions.

Name resolution ​

Each path in the expression is checked:

  • For an annotation assigned to an entity, the first path step is resolved as element of the entity.
  • For an annotation assigned to an entity element, the first path step is resolved as the annotated element or its siblings.
  • If the annotation is assigned to a subelement of a structured element, the top level elements of the entity can be accessed via $self.
  • A parameter par can be accessed via :par, just like parameters of a parametrized entity in queries.
  • For an annotation assigned to a bound action or function, elements of the respective entity can be accessed via $self.
  • The draft-specific elements IsActiveEntity, HasActiveEntity, and HasDraftEntity can be referred to with respective magic variables $draft.IsActiveEntity, $draft.HasActiveEntity, and $draft.HasDraftEntity. During draft augmentation, $draft.<...> is rewritten to $self.<...> for all draft enabled entities (root and sub nodes, but not for named types or entity parameters).
  • If a path can't be resolved successfully, compilation fails with an error.

In contrast to @aReference: foo.bar, a single reference written as expression @aRefExpr: ( foo.bar ) is checked by the compiler.

cds
@MyAnno: (a)            // reference to element
entity Foo (par: Integer) {
  key ID : Integer;
  @MyAnno: (:par)       // reference to entity parameter
  a : Integer;
  @MyAnno: (a)          // reference to sibling element
  b : Integer;
  s {
    @MyAnno: (y)        // reference to sibling element
    x : Integer;
    @MyAnno: ($self.a)  // reference to top level element
    y : Integer;
  }
}
actions {
  @MyAnno: ($self.a)
  action A ()
}

CSN Representation ​

In CSN, the expression is represented as a record with two properties:

  • A string representation of the expression is stored in property =.
  • A tokenized representation of the expression is stored in one of the properties xpr, ref, val, func, etc. (like if the expression was written in a query).
json
{
  "@anExpression": {
    "=": "foo.bar * 11",
    "xpr": [ {"ref": ["foo", "bar"]}, "*", {"value": 11} ]
  },
  "@aRefExpr": {
    "=": "foo.bar",
    "ref": ["foo", "bar"]
  },
  "@aValueExpr": {
    "=": "11",
    "val": 11
  }
}

Note the different CSN representations for a plain value "@anInteger": 11 and a value written as expression @aValueExpr: ( 11 ), respectively.

Propagation ​

Annotations are propagated in views/projections, via includes, and along type references. If the annotation value is an expression, it sometimes is necessary to adapt references inside the expression during propagation, for example, when a referenced element is renamed in a projection. The compiler automatically takes care of the necessary rewriting. When a reference in an annotation expression is rewritten, the = property is set to true.

Example:

cds
entity E {
  @Common.Text: (text)
  code : Integer;
  text : String;
}

entity P as projection on E {
  code,
  text as descr
}

When propagated to element code of projection P, the annotation is automatically rewritten to @Common.Text: (descr).

Resulting CSN
jsonc
{
  "definitions": {
    "E": {  // ...
      "elements": {  // ...
        "code": {
          // original annotation
          "@Common.Text": { "=": "text",
                            "ref": ["text"] },
          "type": "cds.Integer"
        },
        "text": {"type": "cds.String"}
      }
    },
    "P": {  // ...
      "elements": {  // ...
        "code": {
          // propagated annotation, reference adapted
          "@Common.Text": { "=": true,
                            "ref": ["descr"] },
          "type": "cds.Integer"
        },
        "descr": {"type": "cds.String"}
      }
} } }

INFO

There are situations where automatic rewriting doesn't work, resulting in the compiler error anno-missing-rewrite. Some of these situations are going to be addressed in upcoming releases.

CDS Annotations ​

Using an expression as annotation value only makes sense if the evaluator of the annotation is prepared to deal with the new CSN representation. Currently, the CAP runtimes only support expressions in the where property of the @restrict annotation.

cds
entity Orders @(restrict: [
    { grant: 'READ', to: 'Auditor', where: (AuditBy = $user.id) }
  ]) {/*...*/}

More annotations are going to follow in upcoming releases.

Of course, you can use this feature also in your custom annotations, where you control the code that evaluates the annotations.

OData Annotations ​

The OData backend of the CAP CDS compiler supports expression-valued annotations. See Expressions in OData Annotations.

Extend Array Annotations ​

Usually, the annotation value provided in an annotate directive overwrites an already existing annotation value.

If the existing value is an array, the ellipsis syntax allows to insert new values before or after the existing entries, instead of overwriting the complete array. The ellipsis represents the already existing array entries. Of course, this works with any kind of array entries.

This is a sample of an existing array:

cds
@anArray: [3, 4] entity Foo { /* elements */ }

This shows how to extend the array:

cds
annotate Foo with @anArray: [1, 2, ...];  //> prepend new values: [1, 2, 3, 4]
annotate Foo with @anArray: [..., 5, 6];  //> append new values: [3, 4, 5, 6]
annotate Foo with @anArray: [1, 2, ..., 5, 6]; //> prepend and append

It's also possible to insert new entries at arbitrary positions. For this, use ... up to with a comparator value that identifies the insertion point.

cds
[... up to <comparator>, newEntry, ...]

... up to represents the existing entries of the array from the current position up to and including the first entry that matches the comparator. New entries are then inserted behind the matched entry. If there's no match, new entries are appended at the end of the existing array.

This is a sample of an existing array:

cds
@anArray: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] entity Bar { /* elements */ }

This shows how to insert values after 2 and 4:

cds
annotate Bar with @anArray: [
  ... up to 2,  // existing entries 1, 2
   2.1, 2.2,    // insert new entries 2.1, 2.2
  ... up to 4,  // existing entries 3, 4
  4.1, 4.2,     // insert new entries 4.1, 4.2
  ...           // remaining existing entries 5, 6
];

The resulting array is:

js
[1, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 3, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 5, 6]

If your array entries are objects, you have to provide a comparator object. It matches an existing entry, if all attributes provided in the comparator match the corresponding attributes in an existing entry. The comparator object doesn't have to contain all attributes that the existing array entries have, simply choose those attributes that sufficiently characterize the array entry after which you want to insert. Only simple values are allowed for the comparator attributes.

Example: Insert a new entry after BeginDate.

cds
@UI.LineItem: [
    { $Type: 'UI.DataFieldForAction', Action: 'TravelService.acceptTravel', Label: '{i18n>AcceptTravel}' },
    { Value: TravelID,  Label: 'ID'    },
    { Value: BeginDate, Label: 'Begin' },
    { Value: EndDate,   Label: 'End'   }
  ]
entity TravelService.Travel { /* elements */ }

For this, you provide a comparator object with the attribute Value:

cds
annotate TravelService.Travel with @UI.LineItem: [
  ... up to { Value: BeginDate },  // ... up to with comparator object
  { Value: BeginWeekday, Label: 'Day of week' }, // new entry
  ... // remaining array entries
];

TIP

Only direct annotations can be extended using .... It's not supported to extend propagated annotations, for example, from aspects or types.


Aspects ​

CDS's aspects allow to flexibly extend definitions by new elements as well as overriding properties and annotations. They're based on a mixin approach as known from Aspect-oriented Programming methods.

The extend Directive ​

Use extend to add extension fields or to add/override metadata to existing definitions, for example, annotations, as follows:

cds
extend Foo with @title:'Foo';
extend Bar with @title:'Bar' {
  newField : String;
  extend nestedStructField {
    newField : String;
    extend existingField @title:'Nested Field';
  }
}
Note the nested extend for existing fields

Make sure that you prepend the extend keyword to nested elements if you want to modify them. Without that a new field with that name would be added. If you only want to add annotations to an existing field, you can use the annotate directive. instead.

You can also directly extend a single element:

cds
extend Foo:nestedStructField with { newField : String; }

With extend you can enlarge the length of a String or precision and scale of a Decimal:

cds
extend User with (length:120);
extend Books:price.value with (precision:12,scale:3);

The extended type or element directly must have the respective property.

For multiple conflicting extend statements, the last extend wins, that means in three files a.cds <- b.cds <- c.cds, where <- means using from, the extend from c.cds is applied, as it is the last in the dependency chain.

The annotate Directive ​

The annotate directive allows to annotate already existing definitions that may have been imported from other files or projects.

cds
annotate Foo with @title:'Foo';
annotate Bar with @title:'Bar' {
  nestedStructField {
    existingField @title:'Nested Field';
  }
}
annotate is a shortcut for extend ...

The annotate directive is essentially a shortcut variant of the extend directive, with the default mode being switched to extending existing fields instead of adding new ones. For example, the following is equivalent to the previous example:

cds
extend Foo with @title:'Foo';
extend Bar with @title:'Bar' {
  extend nestedStructField {
    extend existingField @title:'Nested Field';
  }
}

You can also directly annotate a single element:

cds
annotate Foo:existingField @title: 'Simple Field';
annotate Foo:nestedStructField.existingField @title:'Nested Field';

Named Aspects ​

You can use extend or annotate with predefined aspects, to apply the same extensions to multiple targets:

cds
aspect SomeAspect {
  created { at: Timestamp; _by: User; }
}
cds
extend Foo with SomeAspect;
extend Bar with SomeAspect;

If you use extend, all nested fields in the named aspect are interpreted as being extension fields. If you use annotate, the nested fields are interpreted as existing fields and the annotations are copied to the corresponding target elements.

The named extension can be anything, for example, including other types or entities. Use keyword aspect as shown in the example to declare definitions that are only meant to be used in such extensions, not as types for elements.

Includes -- : as Shortcut Syntax ​

You can use an inheritance-like syntax option to extend a definition with one or more named aspects as follows:

cds
define entity Foo : SomeAspect, AnotherAspect {
  key ID : Integer;
  name : String;
  [...]
}

This is syntactical sugar and equivalent to using a sequence of extends as follows:

cds
define entity Foo {}
extend Foo with SomeAspect;
extend Foo with AnotherAspect;
extend Foo with {
  key ID : Integer;
  name : String;
  [...]
}

You can apply this to any definition of an entity or a structured type.

Extending Views and Projections ​

Use the extend <entity> with columns variant to extend the select list of a projection or view entity and do the following:

  • Include more elements existing in the underlying entity.
  • Add new calculated fields.
  • Add new unmanaged associations.
cds
extend SomeView with columns {
  foo as moo @woo,
  1 + 1 as two,
  bar : Association to Bar on bar.ID = moo
}

Enhancing nested structs isn't supported. Furthermore, the table alias of the view's data source is not accessible in such an extend.

You can use the common annotate directive to just add/override annotations of a view's elements.


Services ​

Service Definitions ​

CDS allows to define service interfaces as collections of exposed entities enclosed in a service block, which essentially is and acts the same as context:

cds
service SomeService {
  entity SomeExposedEntity { ... };
  entity AnotherExposedEntity { ... };
}

The endpoint of the exposed service is constructed by its name, following some conventions (the string service is dropped and kebab-case is enforced). If you want to overwrite the path, you can add the @path annotation as follows:

cds
@path: 'myCustomServicePath'
service SomeService { ... }

Watch a short video by DJ Adams on how the @path annotations works.

Exposed Entities ​

The entities exposed by a service are most frequently projections on entities from underlying data models. Standard view definitions, using as select from or as projection on, can be used for exposing entities.

cds
service CatalogService {
  entity Product as projection on data.Products {
    *, created.at as since
  } excluding { created };
}
service MyOrders {
  //> $user only implemented for SAP HANA
  entity Order as select from data.Orders { * } where buyer=$user.id;
  entity Product as projection on CatalogService.Product;
}

TIP

You can optionally add annotations such as @readonly or @insertonly to exposed entities, which, will be enforced by the CAP runtimes in Java and Node.js.

Entities can be also exposed as views with parameters:

cds
service MyOrders {
  entity OrderWithParameter( foo: Integer ) as select from data.Orders where id=:foo;
}

A parametrized view like modeled in the section on view with parameter can be exposed as follows:

cds
service SomeService {
  entity ViewInService( p1: Integer, p2: Boolean ) as select from data.SomeView(foo: :p1, bar: :p2) {*};
}

Then the OData request for views with parameters should look like this:

cds
GET: /OrderWithParameter(foo=5)/Set or GET: /OrderWithParameter(5)/Set
GET: /ViewInService(p1=5, p2=true)/Set

To expose an entity, it's not necessary to be lexically enclosed in the service definition. An entity's affiliation to a service is established using its fully qualified name, so you can also use one of the following options:

  • Add a namespace.
  • Use the service name as prefix.

In the following example, all entities belong to/are exposed by the same service:

cds
service foo.MyService {
  entity A { /*...*/ };
}
entity foo.MyService.B { /*...*/ };
cds
namespace foo.MyService;
entity C { /*...*/ };

(Auto-) Redirected Associations ​

When exposing related entities, associations are automatically redirected. This ensures that clients can navigate between projected entities as expected. For example:

cds
service AdminService {
  entity Books as projection on my.Books;
  entity Authors as projection on my.Authors;
  //> AdminService.Authors.books refers to AdminService.Books
}

Resolving Ambiguities ​

Auto-redirection fails if a target can't be resolved unambiguously, that is, when there is more than one projection with the same minimal 'distance' to the source. For example, compiling the following model with two projections on my.Books would produce this error:

DANGER

Target "Books" is exposed in service "AdminService" by multiple projections "AdminService.ListOfBooks", "AdminService.Books" - no implicit redirection.

cds
service AdminService {
  entity ListOfBooks as projection on my.Books;
  entity Books as projection on my.Books;
  entity Authors as projection on my.Authors;
  //> which one should AdminService.Authors.books refer to?
}

Using redirected to with Projected Associations ​

You can use redirected to to resolve the ambiguity as follows:

cds
service AdminService {
  entity ListOfBooks as projection on my.Books;
  entity Books as projection on my.Books;
  entity Authors as projection on my.Authors { *, 
    books : redirected to Books //> resolved ambiguity
  };
}

Using @cds.redirection.target Annotations ​

Alternatively, you can use the boolean annotation @cds.redirection.target with value true to make an entity a preferred redirection target, or with value false to exclude an entity as target for auto-redirection.

cds
service AdminService {
  @cds.redirection.target: true
  entity ListOfBooks as projection on my.Books; 
  entity Books as projection on my.Books;
  entity Authors as projection on my.Authors;
}

Auto-Exposed Entities ​

Annotate entities with @cds.autoexpose to automatically expose them in services containing entities with associations referring to them.

For example, given the following entity definitions:

cds
// schema.cds
namespace schema;
entity Bar @cds.autoexpose { key id: Integer; }

using { sap.common.CodeList } from '@sap/cds/common';
entity Car : CodeList { key code: Integer; }
//> inherits  @cds.autoexpose from  sap.common.CodeList

... a service definition like this:

cds
using { schema as my } from './schema.cds';
service Zoo {
  entity Foo { //...
    bar : Association to my.Bar;
    car : Association to my.Car;
  }
}

... would result in the service being automatically extended like this:

cds
extend service Zoo with { // auto-exposed entities:
   @readonly entity Foo_bar as projection on Bar;
   @readonly entity Foo_car as projection on Car;
}

You can still expose such entities explicitly, for example, to make them read-write:

cds
service Sue {
  entity Foo { /*...*/ }
  entity Bar as projection on my.Bar;
}

Learn more about CodeLists in @sap/cds/common.

Custom Actions and Functions ​

Within service definitions, you can additionally specify actions and functions. Use a comma-separated list of named and typed inbound parameters (optional) and a response type (optional for actions), which can be either a:

cds
service MyOrders {
  entity Order { /*...*/ };
  // unbound actions / functions
  type cancelOrderRet {
    acknowledge: String enum { succeeded; failed; };
    message: String;
  }
  action cancelOrder ( orderID:Integer, reason:String ) returns cancelOrderRet;
  function countOrders() returns Integer;
  function getOpenOrders() returns array of Order;
}

TIP

The notion of actions and functions in CDS adopts that of OData; actions and functions on service-level are unbound ones.

Bound Actions and Functions ​

Actions and functions can also be bound to individual entities of a service, enclosed in an additional actions block as the last clause in an entity/view definition.

cds
service CatalogService {
  entity Products as projection on data.Products { ... }
    actions {
      // bound actions/functions
      action addRating (stars: Integer);
      function getViewsCount() returns Integer;
    }
}

Bound actions and functions have a binding parameter that is usually implicit. It can also be modeled explicitly: the first parameter of a bound action or function is treated as binding parameter, if it's typed by [many] $self. Use Explicit Binding to control the naming of the binding parameter. Use the keyword many to indicate that the action or function is bound to a collection of instances rather than to a single one.

cds
service CatalogService {
  entity Products as projection on data.Products { ... }
    actions {
      // bound actions/functions with explicit binding parameter
      action A1 (prod: $self, stars: Integer);
      action A2 (in: many $self);  // bound to collection of Products
    }
}

Explicitly modelled binding parameters are ignored for OData V2.

Custom-Defined Events ​

Similar to Actions and Functions you can declare events, which a service emits via messaging channels. Essentially, an event declaration looks very much like a type definition, specifying the event's name and the type structure of the event messages' payload.

cds
service MyOrders { ...
  event OrderCanceled {
    orderID: Integer;
    reason: String;
  }
}

An event can also be defined as projection on an entity, type, or another event. Only the effective signature of the projection is relevant.

cds
service MyOrders { ...
  event OrderCanceledNarrow : projection on OrderCanceled { orderID }
}

Extending Services ​

You can extend services with additional entities and actions much as you would add new entities to a context:

cds
extend service CatalogService with {
  entity Foo {};
  function getRatings() returns Integer;
}

Similarly, you can extend entities with additional actions as you would add new elements:

cds
extend entity CatalogService.Products with actions {
  function getRatings() returns Integer;
}

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